Build each screen in one language: the screen texts from the translations, European letters in the fonts, and Language & region in the app

The firmware takes its texts from screen_manager/translations/<code>.json at build time (components/smart_display:
one table in main.cpp, keys in screen_text_keys.h), and the fonts carry every letter European languages write with.
The app keeps Settings -> Language & region (language, clock, numbers) for every screen, writes LANGUAGE into the
screens' YAML and sends the clock and the number format in the layout message; the per-screen 24-hour clock goes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

tests/screen_text_en.h

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// GENERATED by tools/i18n.py (`python3 tools/i18n.py header`): the English texts for the C++ tests, which
+// build a header without ESPHome and so without the table a screen's build writes into main.cpp.
+#pragma once
+#include "components/smart_display/screen_text.h"
+
+static_assert(screen_text::KEYS_HASH == 0x725A92EEu && screen_text::KEY_COUNT == 302,
+              "screen_text_keys.h does not match screen_manager/translations/en.json: run tools/i18n.py header");
+const char *const screen_text::TABLE[] = {
+    ".",
+    ",",
+    "Just now",
+    "{n} min ago",
+    "1 hour ago | {n} hours ago",
+    "Yesterday",
+    "1 day ago | {n} days ago",
+    "1 week ago | {n} weeks ago",
+    "1 month ago | {n} months ago",
+    "1 year ago | {n} years ago",
+    "In {n} min",
+    "In 1 hour | In {n} hours",
+    "Tomorrow",
+    "In 1 day | In {n} days",
+    "AM",
+    "PM",
+    "Sunday",
+    "Monday",
+    "Tuesday",
+    "Wednesday",
+    "Thursday",
+    "Friday",
+    "Saturday",
+    "Sun",
+    "Mon",
+    "Tue",
+    "Wed",
+    "Thu",
+    "Fri",
+    "Sat",
+    "Su",
+    "Mo",
+    "Tu",
+    "We",
+    "Th",
+    "Fr",
+    "Sa",
+    "January",
+    "February",
+    "March",
+    "April",
+    "May",
+    "June",
+    "July",
+    "August",
+    "September",
+    "October",
+    "November",
+    "December",
+    "Jan",
+    "Feb",
+    "Mar",
+    "Apr",
+    "May",
+    "Jun",
+    "Jul",
+    "Aug",
+    "Sep",
+    "Oct",
+    "Nov",
+    "Dec",
+    "{weekday} {day} {month}",
+    "{weekday} {day} {month}",
+    "{day} {month}",
+    "{weekday} {time}",
+    "{n} s",
+    "{n} min",
+    "{n} h",
+    "{h} h {m} min",
+    "{n} d",
+    "{d} d {h} h",
+    "Connecting to Home Assistant",
+    "Waiting for ESP Screens",
+    "Loading tiles...",
+    "HA not connected",
+    "ESP Screens not active",
+    "Choose tiles in HA",
+    "Home",
+    "No network",
+    "Settings",
+    "Brightness",
+    "Night",
+    "Screen",
+    "This screen",
+    "Dark mode",
+    "Auto standby",
+    "Standby after",
+    "Standby brightness",
+    "Night mode",
+    "Starts",
+    "Ends",
+    "Night brightness",
+    "Back to page 1",
+    "After",
+    "Also on standby",
+    "Swipe between pages",
+    "Page buttons",
+    "Rotation",
+    "Address",
+    "Firmware",
+    "Home Assistant",
+    "Restart",
+    "Tap again to restart",
+    "{n} sec",
+    "{n} min",
+    "{n} h",
+    "{h} h {m}",
+    "Tap to open",
+    "Page {n}",
+    "Unavailable",
+    "Refused",
+    "Command sent...",
+    "Confirmed by Home Assistant",
+    "Notification",
+    "OK",
+    "Color",
+    "Color temperature",
+    "Brightness",
+    "Waiting...",
+    "Effect",
+    "Nothing to choose",
+    "Loading...",
+    "Not connected",
+    "Target",
+    "Mode",
+    "Fan",
+    "Swing",
+    "Now {value}",
+    "Check the robot in HA",
+    "Automatic suction power",
+    "The robot chooses suction and water",
+    "Suction and water as set per room",
+    "Quiet",
+    "Normal",
+    "Turbo",
+    "Max",
+    "Pause cleaning",
+    "Pause",
+    "Resume",
+    "Start cleaning",
+    "Clean",
+    "Dock",
+    "Position",
+    "Tilt",
+    "Tilt {n}%",
+    "Feels like {n}\302\260",
+    "No daily forecast from Home Assistant",
+    "Coming days",
+    "No data",
+    "average",
+    "average of {duration}",
+    "Now",
+    "1 hour",
+    "24 hours",
+    "1 week",
+    "High {value}",
+    "Low {value}",
+    "once | {n} times",
+    "Loading history...",
+    "No history in this period",
+    "No history available",
+    "Muted",
+    "Not playing",
+    "Loading",
+    "Running",
+    "Paused",
+    "Stopped",
+    "Pause",
+    "Start",
+    "Cancel",
+    "Paused {time}",
+    "Sun",
+    "Sunrise {time}",
+    "Sunset {time}",
+    "rise {time}",
+    "set {time}",
+    "Running...",
+    "Never run",
+    "Last {time}",
+    "Yesterday {time}",
+    "Last {date}",
+    "No image from this camera",
+    "Loading image",
+    "Live",
+    "Recording",
+    "Tap to view",
+    "No image yet",
+    "Activate",
+    "Run",
+    "Press",
+    "Follow the calibration wizard",
+    "GT911 touch check",
+    "Hold each tap for a moment",
+    "Tap the crosshair\012Point {point}/5 - tap {tap}/3",
+    "Tap gently, a bit longer",
+    "Tap the same crosshair 3 times",
+    "Measurement rejected; try again",
+    "Save failed; try again",
+    "On",
+    "Off",
+    "Off",
+    "Heat",
+    "Cool",
+    "Heat/Cool",
+    "Auto",
+    "Dry",
+    "Fan only",
+    "Heating",
+    "Cooling",
+    "Idle",
+    "Off",
+    "Drying",
+    "Fan",
+    "Preheating",
+    "Defrosting",
+    "Open",
+    "Closed",
+    "Opening",
+    "Closing",
+    "Playing",
+    "Paused",
+    "Idle",
+    "Standby",
+    "Home",
+    "Away",
+    "Above the horizon",
+    "Below the horizon",
+    "Docked",
+    "Cleaning",
+    "Paused",
+    "Returning to dock",
+    "Idle",
+    "Sunny",
+    "Clear, night",
+    "Cloudy",
+    "Partly cloudy",
+    "Rainy",
+    "Pouring",
+    "Snowy",
+    "Snowy, rainy",
+    "Fog",
+    "Hail",
+    "Lightning",
+    "Lightning, rainy",
+    "Windy",
+    "Exceptional",
+    "Low",
+    "Normal",
+    "Charging",
+    "Not charging",
+    "Danger",
+    "Safe",
+    "Cold",
+    "Normal",
+    "Connected",
+    "Disconnected",
+    "Open",
+    "Closed",
+    "Open",
+    "Closed",
+    "Danger",
+    "Safe",
+    "Hot",
+    "Normal",
+    "Light",
+    "Dark",
+    "Open",
+    "Locked",
+    "Wet",
+    "Dry",
+    "Motion",
+    "No motion",
+    "Moving",
+    "Still",
+    "Occupied",
+    "Clear",
+    "Open",
+    "Closed",
+    "Plugged in",
+    "Unplugged",
+    "On",
+    "Off",
+    "Home",
+    "Away",
+    "Problem",
+    "OK",
+    "Active",
+    "Inactive",
+    "Unsafe",
+    "Safe",
+    "Smoke",
+    "No smoke",
+    "Sound",
+    "Silent",
+    "Tampering",
+    "OK",
+    "Update",
+    "Up to date",
+    "Vibration",
+    "Still",
+    "Open",
+    "Closed"
+};
+const char *const screen_text::LANGUAGE = "en";
+int screen_text::plural_index(int n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; }

tests/test_action_feedback.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "components/smart_display/runtime_model.h"
 #include "components/smart_display/cyd_ui.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_alert_overlay.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #define THEME_TEST
 #include "components/smart_display/alert_overlay.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_binary_words.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ The screen maps the device class itself (`tile_controls::binary_state_text`), fr
 state message has carried since app 0.2.23: nothing new on the wire, so it works with older apps too. These tests keep
 its table equal to the add-on's `header_bar.BINARY_STATES`, which the top bar and the history card use.
 """
+import json
 import re
 import sys
 import unittest
@@ -22,9 +23,17 @@ TILES = (ROOT / 'components/smart_display/runtime_tiles.h').read_text()
 PROFILES = ('guition-4848s040.yaml', 'home-like-2432s028.yaml', 'packages/cyd.yaml', 'packages/guition.yaml')
 
 
+ENGLISH = json.loads((ROOT / 'screen_manager/translations/en.json').read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+
+
 def firmware_words():
+    """The firmware's table (app 0.2.90: keys into screen.ha.binary, in the screen's language) in English."""
     block = re.search(r'constexpr BinaryWords BINARY_WORDS\[\] = \{(.*?)\n\};', CONTROLS, re.S)
-    return {device_class: (on, off) for device_class, on, off in re.findall(r'\{"(\w+)", "([^"]*)", "([^"]*)"\}', block.group(1))}
+    words = ENGLISH['screen']['ha']['binary']
+    found = {}
+    for device_class, on, off in re.findall(r'\{"(\w+)", screen_text::txt::ha_binary_(\w+), screen_text::txt::ha_binary_(\w+)\}', block.group(1)):
+        found[device_class] = (words[on], words[off])
+    return found
 
 
 class BinaryWords(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -41,7 +50,8 @@ class BinaryWords(unittest.TestCase):
         for attrs in ({}, {'device_class': 'future_class'}):
             self.assertEqual(header_bar.value('binary_sensor.x', {'state': 'on', 'attributes': attrs}), ('On', None))
             self.assertEqual(history_card.state_label('binary_sensor', 'off', attrs), 'Off')
-        self.assertIn('return on ? "On" : "Off";', CONTROLS)
+        self.assertIn('return screen_text::tr(on ? screen_text::txt::ha_on : screen_text::txt::ha_off);', CONTROLS)
+        self.assertEqual((ENGLISH['screen']['ha']['on'], ENGLISH['screen']['ha']['off']), ('On', 'Off'))
 
     def test_the_state_message_already_carries_the_class(self):
         tile = {'entity': 'binary_sensor.front_door', 'name': ''}

tests/test_calibration_math.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "../components/smart_display/calibration_math.h"
 #include <cassert>
 int main() {

tests/test_camera_view.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // clang++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -Werror -I. tests/test_camera_view.cpp -o /tmp/test_camera_view && /tmp/test_camera_view
 #include "../components/smart_display/camera_view.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_chunk_transport.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "../components/smart_display/chunk_transport.h"
 #include <cassert>
 int main() {

tests/test_cyd_ui.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "../components/smart_display/cyd_ui.h"
 #include <cassert>
 #include <limits>

tests/test_effects_page.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // c++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic tests/test_effects_page.cpp -o /tmp/test_effects_page && /tmp/test_effects_page
 // The model of a light's effects page (firmware 0.2.70+): what it can show, how a number maps to its slider, the texts.
 #define EFFECTS_PAGE_TEST

tests/test_header_bar.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "components/smart_display/header_bar.h"
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdio>

tests/test_header_bar.py

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import tile_icons  # noqa: E402
 from core import FIRMWARE_VERSION, HEADER_MIN_FIRMWARE, discover, header_items, validate_header, validate_layout  # noqa: E402
 
 FIRMWARE = (ROOT / 'components/smart_display/header_bar.h').read_text()
+# The firmware's words live in the translations since app 0.2.90 (screen.time in English, the language of reference).
+FIRMWARE += json.dumps(json.loads((ROOT / 'screen_manager/translations/en.json').read_text(encoding='utf-8'))['screen']['time'])
 TILES = (ROOT / 'components/smart_display/runtime_tiles.h').read_text()
 EDITOR = (ROOT / 'web/src/model/topbar.ts').read_text()
 PROFILES = ('guition-4848s040.yaml', 'home-like-2432s028.yaml')
@@ -109,8 +111,10 @@ class TextTests(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(header_bar.value(eid, value, registry.get(eid), {'temperature': '°C'}, tz), expected, eid)
 
     def test_text_keeps_to_the_font_and_its_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(header_bar.clean_text('Café “Sun” 25 m³'), 'Café Sun 25 m³')
-        self.assertEqual(header_bar.clean_text('Ångström ✓'), 'Angström')
+        # Every letter European languages write with stays (app 0.2.90); anything else folds to its base letter or goes.
+        self.assertEqual(header_bar.clean_text('Café “Sun” 25 m³'), 'Café “Sun” 25 m³')
+        self.assertEqual(header_bar.clean_text('Ångström ✓'), 'Ångström')
+        self.assertEqual(header_bar.clean_text('Ǻngström'), 'Angström')
         self.assertLessEqual(len(header_bar.clean_text('é' * 60).encode()), header_bar.TEXT_BYTES)
 
     def test_active_colour_and_icon(self):
@@ -228,10 +232,10 @@ class ParityTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # Firmware 0.2.73+: until the first layout the text and a spinner stand in the middle and the name stays empty;
         # the first layout deletes them, so no spinner turns behind the tiles.
         render = TILES.split('inline void render(lv_obj_t *room) {', 1)[1].split('\n}', 1)[0]
-        self.assertIn('if (!model.configured) boot_status(lv_obj_get_parent(room), !ha_connected() ? '
-                      '"Connecting to Home Assistant" : "Waiting for ESP Screens");', render)
+        self.assertIn('if (!model.configured) boot_status(lv_obj_get_parent(room), tr(!ha_connected() ? '
+                      'txt::status_connecting : txt::status_waiting));', render)
         self.assertIn('else if (boot_panel) { lv_obj_delete(boot_panel);', render)
-        self.assertIn('label(room, !model.configured ? "" :', render)
+        self.assertIn('label(room, !model.configured ? std::string() :', render)
         boot = TILES.split('inline void boot_status(', 1)[1].split('\n}', 1)[0]
         self.assertIn('boot_spinner = spinner_create(boot_panel,', boot)
         # Under the tiles, the cards and an alert, in the name's place.

tests/test_history_view.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // clang++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -Werror -I. tests/test_history_view.cpp -o /tmp/test_history_view && /tmp/test_history_view
 #include "../components/smart_display/history_view.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_light_controls.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #define LIGHT_CONTROLS_TEST
 #include "../components/smart_display/light_controls.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_media_card.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // clang++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -Werror -I. tests/test_media_card.cpp -o /tmp/test_media_card && /tmp/test_media_card
 #include "../components/smart_display/media_card.h"
 #include <cassert>

tests/test_runtime_model.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "../components/smart_display/runtime_model.h"
 #include <cassert>
 int main() {

tests/test_screen_owned_settings.py

@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ ENTITY_IDS = {
     'standby_seconds': 'number.office_1_standby_after', 'standby_brightness': 'number.office_1_standby_brightness',
     'night_enabled': 'switch.office_1_night_mode', 'night_start': 'time.office_1_night_starts',
     'night_end': 'time.office_1_night_ends', 'night_brightness': 'number.office_1_night_brightness',
-    'clock_24h': 'switch.office_1_24_hour_clock', 'auto_home': 'switch.office_1_back_to_page_1',
+    'auto_home': 'switch.office_1_back_to_page_1',
     'auto_home_seconds': 'number.office_1_back_to_page_1_after', 'home_on_standby': 'switch.office_1_back_to_page_1_on_standby',
     'swipe_pages': 'switch.office_1_swipe_between_pages', 'rotation': 'select.office_1_rotation',
     'dark_mode': 'switch.office_1_dark_mode', 'page_buttons': 'switch.office_1_page_buttons',
 }
 STATES = {'brightness': '80.0', 'standby_enabled': 'on', 'standby_seconds': '600.0', 'standby_brightness': '20.0',
           'night_enabled': 'on', 'night_start': '22:30:00', 'night_end': '07:00:00', 'night_brightness': '5.0',
-          'clock_24h': 'on', 'auto_home': 'on', 'auto_home_seconds': '120.0', 'home_on_standby': 'off',
+          'auto_home': 'on', 'auto_home_seconds': '120.0', 'home_on_standby': 'off',
           'swipe_pages': 'on', 'rotation': '90°', 'dark_mode': 'off', 'page_buttons': 'on'}
 
 
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ def fake_ha(firmware=FIRMWARE_VERSION, owned=True, guition=True):
 
 class CoreSettings(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_every_setting_the_editor_offers_has_an_entity(self):
-        self.assertEqual(set(SETTING_ENTITIES), set(SETTING_RULES) - {'show_clock'})
+        # 12 or 24 hours is Settings -> Language & region's, for every screen at once (app 0.2.90).
+        self.assertEqual(set(SETTING_ENTITIES), set(SETTING_RULES) - {'show_clock', 'clock_24h'})
         self.assertEqual(SETTING_ENTITIES_MIN_FIRMWARE, '0.2.49')
         self.assertLessEqual(tuple(map(int, SETTING_ENTITIES_MIN_FIRMWARE.split('.'))), tuple(map(int, FIRMWARE_VERSION.split('.'))))
 
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ class OwnedSettings(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
             self.assertNotIn('settings', m.layouts['text.screen'], 'a screen that owns its settings has none stored')
             view = m.settings_view(m.screen('text.screen'))
             self.assertEqual((view['owner'], view['unavailable']), ('screen', []))
-            self.assertEqual(view['keys'], [key for key in SETTING_RULES if key != 'show_clock'])
+            self.assertEqual(view['keys'], [key for key in SETTING_RULES if key not in ('show_clock', 'clock_24h')])
             self.assertEqual({key: view['values'][key] for key in ('brightness', 'night_start', 'rotation', 'home_on_standby')},
                              {'brightness': 80, 'night_start': 1350, 'rotation': 90, 'home_on_standby': False})
             m.ha.states[ENTITY_IDS['night_end']] = {'state': 'unavailable'}
@@ -225,12 +226,11 @@ class OwnedSettings(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
             await m.change_settings('text.screen', {'brightness': 10})
             self.assertEqual(m.ha.calls, [('number.set_value', {'entity_id': ENTITY_IDS['brightness'], 'value': 10})])
             m.ha.calls.clear()
-            await m.change_settings('text.screen', {'night_start': 1320, 'rotation': 270, 'clock_24h': False})
+            await m.change_settings('text.screen', {'night_start': 1320, 'rotation': 270})
             self.assertEqual(m.ha.calls, [('time.set_value', {'entity_id': ENTITY_IDS['night_start'], 'time': '22:00:00'}),
-                                          ('switch.turn_off', {'entity_id': ENTITY_IDS['clock_24h']}),
                                           ('select.select_option', {'entity_id': ENTITY_IDS['rotation'], 'option': '270°'})])
             m.ha.calls.clear()
-            for bad in ({'standby_brightness': 95}, {'show_clock': False}, {'beep': True}, {}, None, {'brightness': '50'}):
+            for bad in ({'standby_brightness': 95}, {'show_clock': False}, {'clock_24h': False}, {'beep': True}, {}, None, {'brightness': '50'}):
                 with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                     await m.change_settings('text.screen', bad)
             m.ha.states[ENTITY_IDS['night_end']] = {'state': 'unavailable'}
@@ -569,9 +569,12 @@ class Editor(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_the_rows_are_the_settings_of_the_screen_page(self):
         keys = re.findall(r'\{ key: "(\w+)", label: "[^"]+", kind: "(\w+)"', self.script)
         self.assertEqual([key for key, _ in keys], [key for key in SETTING_RULES if key != 'show_clock'][:0] or [key for key, _ in keys])
-        self.assertEqual({key for key, _ in keys}, set(SETTING_RULES) - {'show_clock'})
+        # 12 or 24 hours is Settings -> Language & region's, for every screen at once (app 0.2.90).
+        self.assertEqual({key for key, _ in keys}, set(SETTING_RULES) - {'show_clock', 'clock_24h'})
         # Labels and steps as on the screen: the same rows, the same -/+ steps, the same duration ladder.
-        page_labels = set(re.findall(r'(?:number|toggle|duration|moment|choice)\("([^"]+)"', SCREEN_PAGE))
+        # The page's labels are keys into the translations since app 0.2.90; English is the reference.
+        english = json.loads((ROOT / 'screen_manager/translations/en.json').read_text(encoding='utf-8'))['screen']['settings']
+        page_labels = {english[key] for key in re.findall(r'(?:number|toggle|duration|moment|choice)\(screen_text::txt::settings_(\w+)', SCREEN_PAGE)}
         groups = self.script[self.script.index('const SETTING_GROUPS = ['):self.script.index('export type SettingRow')]
         script_labels = set(re.findall(r'label: "([^"]+)"', groups))
         self.assertEqual(page_labels, script_labels)

tests/test_screen_settings.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "components/smart_display/screen_settings.h"
 #include <cassert>
 int main() {

tests/test_settings_screen.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #define SETTINGS_SCREEN_TEST
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "../components/smart_display/settings_screen.h"
 #include <cassert>
 #include <string>
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ using namespace settings_screen;
 // The row of a page by its label, so a test says what it means.
 static const Row &row_named(const Page &page, const std::string &label) {
   for (uint8_t i = 0; i < page.count; ++i)
-    if (label == page.rows[i].label) return page.rows[i];
+    if (label == label_text(page.rows[i])) return page.rows[i];
   assert(false);
   return page.rows[0];
 }
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ int main() {
   // ---- the duration ladder: seconds low down, quarters of an hour up top, and symmetric ----
   assert(ladder_step(60) == 30 && ladder_step(600) == 60 && ladder_step(1800) == 300);
   assert(ladder_step(3600) == 900 && ladder_step(36000) == 1800);
-  Row timeout = duration("After", nullptr, nullptr, 30, 3600);
+  Row timeout = duration(screen_text::txt::settings_after, nullptr, nullptr, 30, 3600);
   assert(stepped(timeout, 120, 1) == 150 && stepped(timeout, 120, -1) == 90);
   assert(stepped(timeout, 300, 1) == 360 && stepped(timeout, 360, -1) == 300);
   assert(stepped(timeout, 300, -1) == 270 && stepped(timeout, 270, 1) == 300);
@@ -25,9 +26,9 @@ int main() {
   assert(at_end(timeout, 30, -1) && at_end(timeout, 3600, 1) && !at_end(timeout, 120, -1));
 
   // ---- a number stops at its ends, a moment walks around midnight ----
-  Row percent = number("Brightness", nullptr, nullptr, 5, 100, 5, "%");
+  Row percent = number(screen_text::txt::settings_brightness, nullptr, nullptr, 5, 100, 5, "%");
   assert(stepped(percent, 100, 1) == 100 && stepped(percent, 5, -1) == 5 && stepped(percent, 95, 1) == 100);
-  Row start = moment("Starts", nullptr, nullptr);
+  Row start = moment(screen_text::txt::settings_starts, nullptr, nullptr);
   assert(stepped(start, 1320, 1) == 1335 && stepped(start, 1425, 1) == 0 && stepped(start, 0, -1) == 1425);
   assert(!at_end(start, 0, -1));
   // Holding the key walks whole hours, and first lands on the hour it is in.
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ int main() {
   assert(screen_settings::current.standby_brightness == 30);  // never above the normal brightness
   assert(screen_settings::current.valid());
   // Dark mode (firmware 0.2.54+) sits right under Brightness, a switch of its own outside the frozen block.
-  assert(light.count == 5 && light.rows[1].kind == Kind::toggle && std::string(light.rows[1].label) == "Dark mode");
+  assert(light.count == 5 && light.rows[1].kind == Kind::toggle && std::string(label_text(light.rows[1])) == "Dark mode");
   const Row &dark = row_named(light, "Dark mode");
   assert(value_text(dark) == "Off");
   dark.write(1);
@@ -84,10 +85,11 @@ int main() {
     buttons.write(1);
     assert(page_buttons == 1);
   }
-  const Row &clock = row_named(screen, "Clock");
-  assert(clock.option_count == 2 && value_text(clock) == "24 hour");
-  clock.write(0);
-  assert(screen_settings::current.clock_24h == 0 && value_text(clock) == "12 hour");
+  // 12 or 24 hours is chosen for every screen at once in ESP Screens (app 0.2.90): the page has no row for it, and
+  // the value still arrives through set() and the layout message.
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < screen.count; ++i) assert(std::string(label_text(screen.rows[i])) != "Clock");
+  set("clock_24h", 0);
+  assert(screen_settings::current.clock_24h == 0);
   const Row &home = row_named(screen, "Back to page 1");
   home.write(0);
   assert(auto_home == 0 && value_text(home) == "Off");
@@ -107,17 +109,17 @@ int main() {
   assert(PAGE_COUNT == 5);
   for (uint8_t p = 0; p < PAGE_COUNT; ++p) {
     const Page &page = pages[p];
-    assert(page.title && page.count && page.count <= 8);
+    assert(page.title != NO_TEXT && *screen_text::tr(page.title) && page.count && page.count <= 8);
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < page.count; ++i) {
       const Row &row = page.rows[i];
-      assert(row.label && *row.label);
+      assert(row.label != NO_TEXT && *label_text(row));
       if (row.kind == Kind::page) assert(row.opens > 0 && row.opens < PAGE_COUNT && *row.icon);
       if (row.kind == Kind::toggle || row.kind == Kind::choice || row.kind == Kind::number ||
           row.kind == Kind::duration || row.kind == Kind::moment)
         assert(row.read && row.write);
       if (row.kind == Kind::number) assert(row.step > 0 && row.high > row.low);
       if (row.kind == Kind::duration) assert(row.high > row.low);
-      if (row.kind == Kind::choice) assert(row.options && row.option_count);
+      if (row.kind == Kind::choice) assert((row.options || row.option_keys != NO_TEXT) && row.option_count);
       if (row.kind == Kind::info) assert(row.text);
       if (row.kind == Kind::action) assert(row.run && *row.icon);
     }

tests/test_theme.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // The colour table (firmware 0.2.54): the light look stays the design it was, the dark look reads well beside a bed.
 // clang++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -Werror -I. tests/test_theme.cpp -o /tmp/test_theme && /tmp/test_theme
 #define THEME_TEST

tests/test_theme.py

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class Setting(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(DARK_MODE_MIN_FIRMWARE, '0.2.54')
         self.assertLessEqual(tuple(map(int, DARK_MODE_MIN_FIRMWARE.split('.'))), tuple(map(int, FIRMWARE_VERSION.split('.'))))
         page = (COMPONENT / 'settings_screen.h').read_text()
-        self.assertIn('toggle("Dark mode", []() -> int32_t { return dark_mode; },', page)
+        self.assertIn('toggle(screen_text::txt::settings_dark_mode, []() -> int32_t { return dark_mode; },', page)
         self.assertIn('else if (key == "dark_mode") reported = dark_mode = flag(value);', page)
         editor = (ROOT / 'web/src/store.ts').read_text()
         self.assertIn('{ key: "dark_mode", label: "Dark mode", kind: "toggle" },', editor)

tests/test_tile_controls.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 // c++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic tests/test_tile_controls.cpp -o /tmp/test_tile_controls && /tmp/test_tile_controls
 #define THEME_TEST
 #include "../components/smart_display/tile_controls.h"

tests/test_tile_icon.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #include "components/smart_display/tile_icon.h"
 #include <cassert>
 int main() {

tests/test_tile_palette.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "screen_text_en.h"
 #define THEME_TEST
 #include "components/smart_display/tile_palette.h"
 #include <cassert>